Capitalism and the Protestant Reformation
To say that the protestant Reformation is an expression of the rise of capitalism is not to say that you have capitalist Protestantism on one side, feudal Catholicism on the other. Protestantism did not (usually) express the ideology of capitalism in a direct way. It did not enjoy exclusive support from the rising bourgeoisie. Catholicism did not exclusively express the old ideology of feudalism, or take its support exclusively from old feudal ruling classes and their hangers on.
There’s some truth to that picture, but only at the extremes (where, as Bakunin said, we see things more clearly). Calvin’s Doctrine of the Elect is almost suspiciously perfect in how it provides a justificatory ideology for capitalism. (We shall be coming back to this in later parts of the M.R. James series, for which this post is a kind of parenthetical theoretical bookmark.)
Overall, however, that wasn’t how it worked. Catholicism, in many ways, embraced rising commodification, despite being as based in the power of landed property as any feudal aristocracy. Rothbard and Hayek claimed to see prefigurations of their own libertarian free market ideology in the writings of the Salamancan scholastics (this is still an idea that libertarians are obsessed with). Protestantism caught fire partly because it expressed popular disillusion with the very marketisation of religion – the selling of indulgences, the buying of private masses and prayers, the profitability of episcopal sees, etc – that was increasingly seen in the Catholic Church.
Rather, what we see is a very slow and gradual breakdown of feudal economic stability, and the slow accumulation of wealth and power in new and rising sectors, as a result of rising forms of trade and production, which leads to the growth of increasingly wealthy and powerful middle classes, to political controversy and struggle between classes, and thus to centuries of instability and of ideological squabbling over how to make sense of the mixed-up world. A huge part of the instability is caused by the mixture of capitalist and feudal methods. Increasingly marketised, feudal society found its production methods lagging behind its consumption and investment needs. Exacerbated by the insatiable appetites of ruling classes for both conquest and luxury, this was the root cause of multiple interlocking crises which rocked the world of the late middle ages, only accelerating the instability which further accelerated the economic reconstruction. At the ideological level, both Catholicism and Protestantism are trying to understand the instability and reconstruction. They come to be the two great camps in the realignments and renegotiations of religious ideology because of two material expressions of the rising bourgeois system: the revolutions in communication and in government.
A glib answer to the question ‘Why does Protestantism happen?’ would be ‘the printing press’. But this begs the question: why does the printing press happen? It is both cause and result of the development of technical processes, the slow build-up of new technologies within feudalism, and thus of the growth of literate publics who want to read. This rise of literacy and political involvement is an expression of class struggle, itself partly stemming from – and reciprocally causing – the growth of new classes as a result of that slow accumulation of change. …