colony in space

November 14, 2013

24

Jack Graham50th anniversary countdown, capitalism, colonialism, colony in space, corporations, imperialism, race, racism, settler colonialism0

“The colonists shouldn’t be here,” says Dent. “My Corporation has been assigned the mineral rights on this planet. Our preliminary survey indicates a very rich concentration of duralinium. You know how the Earth needs that mineral.”

“Earth, or your corporation’s profits?” asks the Doctor.

Dent and his mining corporation will go on to prove that they will do literally anything, including mass murder, to obtain the duralinium they want.

“What’s good for IMC is good for Earth,” says Dent, echoing a famous statement once made in the real world. “There are one hundred thousand million people back on Earth and they desperately need all the minerals we can find.”

“What those people need, my dear sir,” asserts the Doctor, “are new worlds to live in like this one. Worlds where they can live like human beings, not battery hens.”

What nobody mentions during this conversation, or during any of the conversations anybody has about the controversy, is the notion that no non-Uxarians might have the right to appropriate Uxarius. There are people already living there, you see. But those people don’t count. They’re “primitives”.

This story is a reiteration of Western tropes, in both the sense of the genre ‘the Western’ and in the sense of the culture of Western civilisation. IMC are the cynical railroad men; the colonists are settlers being expropriated by them. The Uxarian natives are ‘Indians’. They conform to the stereotypes. They’re silent and sullen and irrational, scrabbling around in the dirt and waggling staffs aggressively.

But…

In a way, this complete failure to acknowledge the claims of the aboriginal Uxarians adds to the suffocating nastiness of what’s going on. In the real world, aboriginals were displaced by settlers who then complained when big powers or big companies came to displace them in turn… and the settlers often remained blissfully unaware of their own hypocrisy. The original inhabitants of settler-colonial states usually ended up enslaved, massacred, and/or crowded into ghettos or bantustans or the Gaza Strip, like battery hens. Nobody in ‘Colony in Space’ seems aware of this; but then, as I said, that’s only realistic.

It’s a bit like the way Conrad’s Heart of Darkness manages to be both an appallingly racist tract of loathing and contempt for black Africans and a searing indictment of imperialism. It does this by, as China Mieville observed, allowing no hope within the text that the Africans will liberate themselves. ‘Colony in Space’ isn’t a visionary, feverish masterpiece… and yet, it does have something of the sublime and terrifying wasteland about it, mirroring Conrad’s nasty view of Africa as a soulless jungle. ‘Colony’ has the people of the future replaying ancient mistakes (and all for the same reasons) amidst a bleak, hard-scrabble wilderness of grey, dull, flat, featureless rocks and mud. There’s a protracted fight in a mud pool that is almost nihilistic, like that Goya painting where two guys are still trying to club each other to death while both sinking into the same quicksand.

Uxarius is, of course, a world ravaged by its own technological triumphs, by its trajectory towards total weaponization. …

February 4, 2013

Liberty in Space

Jack Grahamcolonialism, colony in space, imperialism, liberalism, malcolm hulke1

From the October 2011 issue of Panic Moon. Very slightly edited and revised. This piece really only scratches the surface of its topic. Please think of it as a ‘place-holder’ for something longer that I haven’t written yet.

“In the end, the liberals always do what the empire wants.”
– Christopher Hitchens (I got the quote via this.)

No story better demonstrates the ambivalence of Doctor Who’s liberal ethos than ‘Colony in Space’. It’s an anti-corporate eco-parable. Industrial technology has destroyed Earth’s environment and so the industrialists want to get their claws into other planets. IMC even fit claws to their mining robots. They lie, bully and kill for profit. Interplanetary law seems to favour such corporations, even without Time Lord supervillains impersonating Adjudicators. Big business is thus depicted as legal gangsterism. Strong stuff for Saturday tea-time, as you’d expect from Malcolm Hulke.

“Here comes another one looking for a lost droid…
he’ll feel the edge of my gaffi-stick and no mistake!”

Thing is, ‘Colony’ is also a sci-fi reiteration of the frontier Western genre. Poor settler townsfolk versus unscrupulous railroad men. And, like most such tales, it ignores the injustice suffered by the ‘Indians’, ie the Uxariean natives. They may be innocent of Norton’s slurs, but their depiction mostly follows standard stereotypes: they’re inscrutable, sullen, silent, changeable, likely to attack and/or sacrifice you if the mood strikes them.

It’s not entirely straightforward. The Guardian, the one Uxareian who speaks, displays a kind of humane wisdom. However, that’s because he’s the last ‘advanced’ Uxariean. The rest of his people turn out to be the descendants of his ruined high-tech civilisation. Still, this renders the humans’ dismissive term “primitives” rather ironic. It also chimes with the backstory about an Earth devastated by technology: the “primitives” may be a glimpse of the future of Earth’s population.

All the same, the story ignores the issue that the humans – colonists or miners – threaten the aboriginal people with displacement. Ashe and Winton fulminate about their rights against the encroachment of IMC, yet fail to notice that they are themselves encroaching on the land and rights of the natives. Nobody questions that one or other group of humans has a right to appropriate Uxarieus. Even the Doctor blithely says that any hostile alien life on the planet can be hunted and destroyed (how very eco-unfriendly of him!) and advocates human colonisation as an escape from lives “like battery hens”. Meanwhile, not even the Guardian gets to speak about his people’s rights.

Hulke, a one-time Communist whose Doctor Who stories exemplify (ironically enough) the show’s liberal outlook, had previously explored the theme of ‘humans as newcomers’ in ‘Doctor Who and the Silurians’, but there the situation is depicted as an ethical minefield: Silurian prior claims versus human squatters’ rights. Both sides experience each other as immigrants and both are, in a sense, right. In ‘Colony in Space’, however, the humans are just alien invaders. This point is never addressed. Indeed, the Doctor supports the colonists on liberal grounds.…

February 18, 2012

Skulltopus 9: Signs of Progress and the Progress of the Sign

Jack Grahamcapitalism, colony in space, communism, curse of peladon, ecology, gothic, monster of peladon, peladon, pertwee era, skulltopus, state capitalism, tentacles0

You can rifle the Pertwee era for tentacles and find relatively few. They only crop up in stories in which capital looms. They only fully-materialize as a major threat where capitalism is a systemic presence, threatening – even if only obliquely – to connect up various social and political nightmares.

That isn’t to say that social and political nightmares are thin on the ground. Far from it. But it’s only when those problems are connected to capital, commodification and trade as exploitative or destructive, that they sprout tentacles.

Evidence of Absence

The reason why ‘Spearhead from Space’ builds to an unexpectedly tentacular conclusion is because all sorts of things within it hint obliquely and elliptically at deep problems in the Britain of the late twentieth century, problems which seem to build towards a connection that must be occluded: namely the connection of all these problems at the economic base of society, the productive forces, the capitalist factory, the commodity form itself. ‘Spearhead’ is saturated in depictions of hierarchy, domination and class. The story hints – albeit very quietly – at imperialism, and at racial and gender hierarchies. The monsters are stalking emblems of alienation and commodity fetishism, manufactured things, products, hostile commodities in the estranged human form of consumerism. The tentacles appear to obscure the hub of the story. We don’t even see the hub of the creature within the tank, only its flailing limbs.

‘Spearhead’ is, however, unusually potent, oneiric, suggestive and loaded. That said, many of its preoccupations recur throughout the Pertween era… just not together, not in such a ‘joined-up’ way and not in stories that even notice capitalism, let alone suggest that evil emanates from capitalist alienation of labour.

For instance, in ‘The Silurians’, social hierarchy is definitely in evidence but it doesn’t reach deeply into everyday normal life as in ‘Spearhead’. Work is in evidence, but almost all of it takes place in a state-owned research centre and all the main characters are professionals who are, apparently, dedicated scientists rather than, say, factory drudges. The monetary value of the facility is mentioned but not in terms of profitability. There isn’t any poverty to be seen, or much in the way of class. There are certainly no drastic social divisions. There is xenophobia and prejudice but these are treated as human traits – related, if anything, to our biology – rather than social phenomena. Capitalism is hardly hinted at, economically or culturally. There is simply the world as it stands, as a backdrop to events. All of this broadly holds true for ‘Ambassadors of Death’ too. There are no tentacles in either story, though there is some mildly Weird inflection detectable in ‘Ambassadors’, in the appearance of the aliens and their peculiar ship. It’s worth noting, in this connection, that an attempt is made to commodify the alien ambassadors, whereas this is not the case with the Silurians.

In ‘Inferno’, fascism (or some form of totalitarianism at any rate) is a major theme, but there’s no hint in the text that it’s linked to economics.…

January 27, 2012

Skulltopus 7: Tentacle, Plastic and Bone

Jack Grahamalienation, autons, capitalism, china mieville, colony in space, commodity fetishism, creature from the pit, gothic, skulltopus, tentacles, terror of the autons, weird0

The first fully-fledged tentacular monster in Doctor Who – in the senses of being both properly cephalopodic and of being a central monstrous antagonist of the Doctor’s – is the Nestene entity at the end of ‘Spearhead from Space’. That’s seven years in before the show does a proper tentacular monster with real plot significance.

Apart from ‘Image of the Fendahl’ (which we’ll get to one day) and the Cyber-head in ‘The Pandorica Opens’, ‘Spearhead from Space’ is also the closest Doctor Who has ever come to merging or (horrid word coming up, but needs must…) juxtaposing the skull and the tentacle. If you don’t know why I think that’s significant, please go back and read my other Skulltopus posts, starting here.

The Nestenes manifest as a tank full of tentacles…

Yes Jon, pull a comedy face and go cross-eyed.
That’s the perfect way to express mortal terror.

…inside which we can see a pulsing, vaguely obscene-looking anus/oesophagus/lung thing. Meanwhile, the same story’s main images of the monstrous are unfinished-looking plastic replicas of human beings. There is something faintly but definitely skull-like about their faces, especially when they’re not wearing wigs.

Note especially the empty eye-holes,
a detail lost in subsequent appearances.

If I were writing an Auton story now, my first priority would be the creation of a way for the tentacles and the plastic to co-reside in the same entity. This never happens in ‘Spearhead’, but the Autons do stand and wait in the room where the Nestene tentacled thing hides. At the end of the story, Channing reverts to a cruder Auton-form (once again making the Auton face skull-like, in that its appearance is linked to death in the more sophisticated Nestene replicas). A line of green matter is spattered on the dead and reverted Channing’s plastic face.

Bless you.

This is the closest that the plastic gets to merging with the alien flesh. The proximity of the plastic skull and the green organic squidgy creature is tantalising.

It Adds Up

Doctor Who – because of its (spurious) materialist/empiricist/educational remit – has a set of internal rules that generally make the explicitly supernatural off-limits. The show tends to have been made with the intention of at least outwardly championing the Enlightenment values and certainties. As I argued here, this self-imposed attempt to foreclose upon the supernatural guides the show towards material (and materialist) monsters.

However, owing to the converging influences of children’s fiction, mythological narrative (to which both SF and kid’s adventure fiction are much indebted) and the gothic (usually mediated through 20th century popular horror, most especially Universal and Hammer monster flicks), the show simultaneously inherits an underlying magical conception of reality and a tendency to make its monsters metaphorical and hauntological (if not usually spectral in the full sense), i.e. haunting us with the ‘repressed’.

Add the influence of ‘soft’ social SF literature, the prevailing ‘lefty liberal’ ethos among BBC creative types (which Barry Letts has spoken about) and the social context of pre-Thatcher Britain (in which there prevailed a broad ‘liberal’ socio-economic consensus), and you get a show that ends up representing this or that material nightmare of modernity in a great, mostly-liberal, allegorical morality play for kids.…

October 15, 2011

Anxiety Satellite

Jack Grahamcolonialism, colony, colony in space, evolution, fanzine, malcolm hulke, native people, natural selection, oliver wake, panic moon, racism, ribos operation, social darwinism0

The indefatigable Mr. Oliver Wake has put together and released the latest issue of the print fanzine Panic Moon. It can be ordered here.

It contains (amongst other things) a judicious appraisal of the ‘Day of the Daleks’ Special Edition, a look at the way Hartnell’s shade has taken to haunting the recent series, a clever thing about the way Daleks always seem to get some new physical ability in first episodes, an interesting look at the pre-Who 60s Pathfinders serials which are now out on DVD and an excellent analysis of ‘The Sun Makers’ which identifies some of its roots, going beyond the usual stuff about Bob Holmes being annoyed by a tax bill.

Once again, I’ve contributed two articles. In one, I identify a blind spot in the lefty-liberal creds of ‘Colony in Space’ and try to tease out some of implications of this, leading me to briefly consider something badly amiss with liberalism itself. In another article, I have a good old ramble about the various ways Doctor Who has creatively misrepresented evolution, often using it was a way of re-encoding mythic themes or addressing political concerns… though there is, I argue, one story that really is about evolution itself.

It’s good, so… umm… buy it. Please?

(No career in advertising awaits me, I know.)…